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Detailed photos available on request. Perhaps you’d like to talk Very beautiful house „le Clos du chat tambour“, of m2 with basement, for sale on the Alabaster coast in Seine Maritime This house with a garden of m2, benefits from an exceptional location, quiet, 3km from the sea and 7 km from the city center Sell a living room coffee table made of exotic solid wood.

This semi-precious wooden coffee table „Courbaril“ was brought back from French Guiana in It is in very good condition and very rare, not to say not to be found in metropolitan France and even We also do tutoring from CP primary to baccalaureat’s grade. We remain at your disposal. Many Germans in late 19th century cities were communists; Germans played a significant role in the labor union movement. He was president of the American Psychological Association in , and the American Philosophical Association in , and played a major role in many other American and international organizations.

Arthur Preuss — was a leading journalist, and theologian. A layman in St Louis. His Fortnightly Review in English was a major conservative voice read closely by church leaders and intellectuals from until He was intensely loyal to the Vatican. He provided lengthy commentary regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the anti-Catholic factor in the presidential campaign of , the hardships of the Great Depression, and the liberalism of the New Deal.

Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced “ hyphenated Americanism „, insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, such as H. The Justice Department prepared a list of all German aliens, counting approximately , of them, more than 4, of whom were imprisoned in — The allegations included spying for Germany, or endorsing the German war effort.

One person was killed by a mob; in Collinsville, Illinois , German-born Robert Prager was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched. In Chicago, Frederick Stock temporarily stepped down as conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra until he finalized his naturalization papers.

Orchestras replaced music by German composer Wagner with French composer Berlioz. In Cincinnati , the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves. In Iowa , in the Babel Proclamation , the governor prohibited all foreign languages in schools and public places. Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English, but the U.

Supreme Court ruled the ban illegal in Meyer v. American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German „Hun“ soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic. German-American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was tarred and feathered in August for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.

Between and , , Germans moved to the United States, many of whom—including Nobel prize winner Albert Einstein and author Erich Maria Remarque —were Jewish Germans or anti-Nazis fleeing government oppression.

The Alien Registration Act of required , German-born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights.

Civil rights violations occurred. Eisenhower , Admiral Chester W. Roosevelt appointed Republican Wendell Willkie who ironically ran against Roosevelt in the presidential election as a personal representative.

German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. Most resettled in Germany, but others came as refugees to the United States in the late s, and established cultural centers in their new homes.

Some Danube Swabians , for instance, ethnic Germans who had maintained language and customs after settlement in Hungary, later Yugoslavia now Serbia , immigrated to the U. They are mostly professionals and academics who have come for professional reasons. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany , Germany has become a preferred destination for immigrants rather than a source of migrating peoples.

The German American community supported reunification in In the U. Census , 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent. She notes that all over the United States, celebrations such as German fests and Oktoberfests have been appearing. Of the four major US regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the Midwest , second in the West , and third in both the Northeast and the South. German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island.

Estimated population by state according to the American Community Survey. Estimated percentage of the population by state according to the American Community Survey rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent. Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as Cincinnati , Northern Kentucky , Cleveland , Columbus , Indianapolis , Milwaukee , Minneapolis — Saint Paul , Pittsburgh , and St.

The 25 U. Large U. The Germans worked hard to maintain and cultivate their language, especially through newspapers and classes in elementary and high schools. By the late 19th century, the Germania Publishing Company was established in Milwaukee, a publisher of books, magazines, and newspapers in German. Between and , the German American population in the United States doubled, and many of its members insisted on maintaining their culture.

German was used in local schools and churches, while numerous Vereine , associations dedicated to literature, humor, gymnastics, and singing, sprang up in German American communities. German Americans tended to support the German government’s actions, and, even after the United States entered World War I, they often voted for antidraft and antiwar candidates. Choral music, Brass and String Music and Congregational singing were highly cultivated. The Moravian Church produced many composers and musicians.

Haydn ’s Creation had its American debut in Bethlehem in the early 19th century. The spiritual beliefs of Johann Conrad Beissel — and the Ephrata Cloister—such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, group – are reflected in Beissel’s treatises on music and hymns, which have been considered the beginning of America’s musical heritage. In most major cities, Germans took the lead in creating a musical culture, with popular bands, singing societies, operas and symphonic orchestras.

The first began in ; the last folded in An important aspect of Wheeling social life, these societies reflected various social classes and enjoyed great popularity until anti-German sentiments during World War I and changing social values dealt them a death blow. The Liederkranz, a German-American music society, played an important role in the integration of the German community into the life of Louisville, Kentucky.

Started in , the organization was strengthened by the arrival of German liberals after the failure of the revolution of that year. By the mids the Germans formed one-third of Louisville’s population and faced nativist hostility organized in the Know-Nothing movement.

Violent demonstrations forced the chorus to suppress publicity of its performances that included works by composer Richard Wagner.

The Liederkranz suspended operations during the Civil War, but afterward grew rapidly, and was able to build a large auditorium by An audience of 8, that attended a performance in demonstrated that the Germans were an accepted part of Louisville life. The Imperial government in Berlin promoted German culture in the U. A steady influx of German-born conductors, including Arthur Nikisch and Karl Muck, spurred the reception of German music in the United States, while German musicians seized on Victorian Americans‘ growing concern with ‚emotion‘.

The performance of pieces such as Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony established German serious music as the superior language of feeling. Turner societies in the United States were first organized during the midth century so German American immigrants could visit with one another and become involved in social and sports activities. The National Turnerbund, the head organization of the Turnvereine, started drilling members as in militia units in Nearly half of all Turners fought in the Civil War, mostly on the Union side, and a special group served as bodyguards for President Lincoln.

By the s, Turners numbered nearly 65, At the turn of the 21st century, with the ethnic identity of European Americans in flux and Americanization a key element of immigrant life, there were few Turner groups, athletic events were limited, and non-Germans were members. A survey of surviving groups and members reflects these radical changes in the role of Turner societies and their marginalization in 21st-century American society, as younger German Americans tended not to belong, even in strongholds of German heritage in the Midwest.

As for any immigrant population, the development of a foreign-language press helped immigrants more easily learn about their new home, maintain connections to their native land, and unite immigrant communities. Louis, and the Illinois Staats-Zeitung in Chicago, promoted middle-class values and encouraged German ethnic loyalty among their readership. The papers were owned and operated in the U. As Wittke emphasizes, press. The papers reported on major political and diplomatic events involving Germany, with pride but from the viewpoint of its American readers.

Many of these publications folded within a year, while a select few, such as the Cincinnati Freie Presse , lasted nearly a century. By the end of the 19th century, there were over German-language publications in the United States.

Germans brought organized gymnastics to America, and were strong supporters of sports programs. They used sport both to promote ethnic identity and pride and to facilitate integration into American society. Beginning in the midth century, the Turner movement offered exercise and sports programs, while also providing a social haven for the thousands of new German immigrants arriving in the United States each year. Another highly successful German sports organization was the Buffalo Germans basketball team, winners of games against only 85 losses in the early years of the 20th century.

These examples, and others, reflect the evolving place of sport in the assimilation and socialization of much of the German-American population. German immigrants who arrived before the 19th century tended to have been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Germany, and created the Lutheran Synods of Pennsylvania, North Carolina and New York. The largest Lutheran denominations in the U. Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany.

Protestants often joined the Methodist church. The Moravian Church in America is one of the results of this effort, as are the many „Union“ churches in rural Pennsylvania. Before , communities of Amish , Mennonites , Schwarzenau Brethren and Moravians had formed and are still in existence today. The Amish, who were originally from southern Germany and Switzerland, arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century.

Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years and Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to Pennsylvania, which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups. The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle similar to that of their ancestors. Like the Amish, they fled persecution for their religious beliefs, and came to the United States between and Today, Hutterites mostly reside in Montana , the Dakotas , and Minnesota , and the western provinces of Canada.

Hutterites continue to speak Hutterite German. Most are able to understand Standard German in addition to their dialect. Immigrants from Germany in the mid-to-lateth century brought many different religions with them. The most numerous were Lutheran or Catholic , although the Lutherans were themselves split among different groups. Other Lutherans formed various synods, most of which merged with Scandinavian-based synods in , forming the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Some 19th-century immigrants, especially the „Forty-Eighters“, were secular, rejecting formal religion. About , German Jews had arrived by the s, and they sponsored reform synagogues in many small cities across the country. About two million Central and Eastern European Jews arrived from the s to , bringing more traditional religious practices. After two or three generations, most German Americans adopted mainstream American customs — some of which they heavily influenced — and switched their language to English.

As one scholar concludes, „The overwhelming evidence In German parochial schools, the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their classes were in German. In —18, after the American entry into World War I on the side of the Allies , nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most German-language church services.

About 1. From to , German was widely spoken in German neighborhoods; see German in the United States. There is a false belief, called the Muhlenberg legend , that German was almost the official language of the U. There was never any such proposal. The U. There were fierce battles in Wisconsin and Illinois around regarding proposals to stop the use of German as the primary language in public and parochial schools.

The Bennett Law was a highly controversial state law passed in Wisconsin in that required the use of English to teach major subjects in all public and private elementary and high schools. It affected the state’s many German-language private schools and some Norwegian schools , and was bitterly resented by German American communities.

The German Catholics and Lutherans each operated large networks of parochial schools in the state. Because the language used in the classroom was German, the law meant the teachers would have to be replaced with bilingual teachers, and in most cases shut down. The Germans formed a coalition between Catholics and Lutherans, under the leadership of the Democratic Party, and the language issue produced a landslide for the Democrats, as Republicans dropped the issue until World War I.

By , almost all schools taught in English, but courses in German were common in areas with large German populations. These courses were permanently dropped. German Americans are no longer a conspicuous ethnic group. Holli puts it, „Public expression of German ethnicity is nowhere proportionate to the number of German Americans in the nation’s population. Almost nowhere are German Americans as a group as visible as many smaller groups. Two examples suffice to illustrate this point: when one surveys the popular television scene of the past decade, one hears Yiddish humor done by comedians; one sees Polish, Greek, and East European detective heroes; Italian-Americans in situation comedies; and blacks such as the Jeffersons and Huxtables.

But one searches in vain for quintessentially German-American characters or melodramas patterned after German-American experiences. A second example of the virtual invisibility is that, though German Americans have been one of the largest ethnic groups in the Chicago area numbering near one-half million between and , no museum or archive exists to memorialize that fact. On the other hand, many smaller groups such as Lithuanians, Poles, Swedes, Jews, and others have museums, archives, and exhibit halls dedicated to their immigrant forefathers“.

But this inconspicuousness was not always the case. By , German Americans had created their own distinctive, vibrant, prosperous German-language communities, referred to collectively as „Germania“. According to historian Walter Kamphoefner, a „number of big cities introduced German into their public school programs“. She states that „Many street signs were in German. Main Street, for instance, was Haupt Strasse.

A large portion of local industry and commercial enterprises had at its roots German tooling and emigres. Mayors, judges, firefighters and other community leaders had strong German ties. Social and sporting clubs and Germania Park in St. Joseph Township provided outlets to engage in traditional German activities“. Holli states that „No continental foreign-born group had been so widely and favorably received in the United States, or had won such high marks from its hosts as had the Germans before World War I.

Some public opinion surveys conducted before the war showed German Americans were even more highly regarded than immigrants from the mother culture, England“.

The transition to the English language was abrupt, forced by federal, state and local governments, and by public opinion, when the U. After , the German language was seldom heard in public; most newspapers and magazines closed; churches and parochial schools switched to English. Melvin G. Holli states, „In , the Missouri Synod’s Lutheran Church conference minutes appeared in English for the first time, and the synod’s new constitution dropped its insistence on using the language of Luther only and instead suggested bilingualism.

Dozens of Lutheran schools also dropped instruction in the German language. English-language services also intruded themselves into parishes where German had been the lingua franca. Whereas only congregations nationwide held English services in , the number preaching in English in the synod skyrocketed to 2, by The German Evangelical Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states also anglicized its name by dropping German from the title“. The library shelves also were purged of English-language materials deemed sympathetic to or neutral on Germany.

Anti-German sentiment forced the renaming of several local institutions. Holli states, regarding Chicago, that „After the Great War it became clear that no ethnic group was so de-ethnicized in its public expression by a single historic event as German Americans.

While Polish Americans, Lithuanian Americans, and other subject nationalities underwent a great consciousness raising, German ethnicity fell into a protracted and permanent slump. The war damaged public expression of German ethnic, linguistic, and cultural institutions almost beyond repair“. This drop far exceeds the natural mortality rate or the number who might be expected to move. Self-identifiers had found it prudent to claim some nationality other than German.

To claim German nationality had become too painful an experience“. Wiley states that, in Nebraska, „around 14 percent of the population had identified itself as being of German-origin in ; however, only 4. In Wisconsin, the decline in percentage of those identifying themselves as Germans was even more obvious.

The census reported only 6. These statistics led Burnell One must attribute this reaction to the wave of repression that swept the Continent and enveloped anyone with a German past““. The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote ethnic but not interreligious intermarriage. While its impact appears to be less well-known and studied than the impact which World War I had on German Americans, World War II was likewise difficult for them and likewise had the impact of forcing them to drop distinctive German characteristics and assimilate into the general US culture.

Leslie Tischauser put it, ‚the damage done by the wartime experience had been largely repaired‘. The German language was being taught in the schools again; the German theater still survived; and German Day celebrations were drawing larger and larger crowds. Although the assimilation process had taken its toll of pre German immigrants, a smaller group of newer postwar arrivals had developed a vocal if not impolitic interest in the rebuilding process in Germany under National Socialism.

As the s moved on, Hitler’s brutality and Nazi excesses made Germanism once again suspect. The rise of Nazism, as Luebke notes, ‚transformed German ethnicity in America into a source of social and psychological discomfort, if not distress.

The overt expression of German-American opinion consequently declined, and in more recent years, virtually disappeared as a reliable index of political attitudes Holli goes on to state that „The pain increased during the late s and early s, when Congressman Martin Dies held public hearings about the menace of Nazi subversives and spies among the German Americans.

In , the Democratic party’s attack on anti-war elements as disloyal and pro-Nazi, and the advent of the war itself, made German ethnicity too heavy a burden to bear. As Professor Tischauser wrote, „The notoriety gained by those who supported the German government between and cast a pall over German-Americans everywhere.

Not even politicians would think of addressing them explicitly as an ethnic constituency as they would say, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, or African Americans. Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendants. Kazal looks at Germans in Philadelphia, focusing on four ethnic subcultures: middle-class Vereinsdeutsche , working-class socialists, Lutherans, and Catholics.

Each group followed a somewhat distinctive path toward assimilation. Lutherans, and the better situated Vereinsdeutsche with whom they often overlapped, after World War I abandoned the last major German characteristics and redefined themselves as old stock or as „Nordic“ Americans, stressing their colonial roots in Pennsylvania and distancing themselves from more recent immigrants. On the other hand, working-class and Catholic Germans, groups that heavily overlapped, lived and worked with Irish and other European ethnics; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as White ethnics, distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods.

Well before World War I, women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German-language neighborhood shops and into English-language downtown department stores.

No other large immigrant group was subjected to such strong, sustained pressure to abandon its ethnic identity for an American one. None was so divided internally, a characteristic that made German Americans especially vulnerable to such pressure. Among the larger groups that immigrated in the country after , none – despite regional variations – appears to have muted its ethnic identity to so great an extent.

Regarding the external pressures, Kazal writes: „The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration.

No other ethnic group saw its ‚adoptive fatherland‘ twice enter a world war against its country of origin. To this stigma, the Third Reich added the lasting one of the Holocaust. In her study of ethnic identity in the s, sociologist Mary Waters noted that the ‚effect of the Nazi movement and World War II was still quite strong‘ in shaping ‚popular perceptions of the German-American character‘, enough so that some individuals of mixed background often would acknowledge only the non-German part of their ancestry.

In contrast, they pressured Germans to accept precisely that American identity in place of a German one“. Kazal goes on to state „The burden of „enemy“ status made those pressures far greater for Germans than for other European ethnic groups.

To some extent, American intervention in World War I actually helped fuel ethnic nationalism in the United States among Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and east European Jews, who felt their desires for existing or prospective homelands stood to gain from an Allied victory.

Indeed, some historians have depicted the following decade as one when immigrants transcended local or regional homeland affiliations to craft or further consolidate national identities as Poles, Czechs, and Italians. Such groups escaped the fury of “ percent Americanism“ during the war, in part because of their obvious stake in the defeat of the Central Powers“. Kazal then goes on to discuss the internal dividedness.

He writes: „German-American identity fell victim not only to a peculiar set of events, but also to an extraordinarily high level of internal diversity. All ethnic groups have internal divides, whether of class, religion, gender, politics, or homeland region. What distinguished German America was that it incorporated not just some but all of these divisions. Irish Americans, for example, had lost their status as primarily a proletarian group by , yet they were united by religion and politics.

The power of this synthesis, Kerby Miller argued, explains the survival of Irish-American identity despite the ebbing of organised Irish-American nationalism after the Free State’s founding. For German Americans, religion and party politics were sources of division rather than of unity“. The latter beckoned as destinations when the cost of being German-American rose too high“.

In part this reflects patterns that had developed over centuries in Germany, whose population came to include nearly every variety of Christianity—from Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups to more radical Anabaptist pietistic movements such as Amish, Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and the Moravian church.

It is not surprising, then, that nearly all of these denominations were represented among the German immigrant population in North America. Robert Paul McCaffery points out that „Despite their numbers Religious disputes brought from the old country prevented them from uniting in the new.

The two strongest denominations, Catholics and Lutherans, could not come together; and the Free Thinkers distrusted and shunned them both. Tischauser „maintains that neither World War I, political questions of importance to Germans, nor German candidates could unite the German-Americans of Chicago“.

Louis comprised the city’s largest immigrant ethnicity and possibly its least cohesive“. He goes on to state that German Americans in St. Louis „could not be relied upon to do much of anything as a group. Louis served and still does as the seat of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, a conservative American Lutheran confession, and their local strength led to friction with Germans of other faiths.

These Lutherans did not traffic much with the sizable German Catholic population of the city, who often shared their houses of worship and political stances with the Irish. The small rabbinical German Jewish community remained insular. The Freethinkers, atheists, socialists, et al. In addition, the Germans, while heavily concentrated in a few pockets of north and south St.

The resulting lack of a unified and clearly definable German-American community explains in part why only few Americans, including those of German descent, have any idea when Steuben Day or German-American Day falls, whereas the Irish St. Patrick’s Day is one of America’s most popular celebrations, and Columbus Day, named after the Italian explorer, is a federal holiday“. Despite the remarkable level of language assimilation reached by German Americans, distinct German usage survived well into the mid-to-lateth century in some places.

Writing about the town of Hustisford, Wisconsin , Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke, who was born in , with German his first language at home; „Grulke’s great-grandparents immigrated to the U. The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group, whereas Plautdietsch-speakers tend much more to switch to English. Another group of German-speakers can be found in the Amana Colonies in Iowa; according to the website Statistical Atlas, all the residents of East Amana speak German at home, and only It has been shown that cultural differences between the attitudes towards farming of German Americans, on the one hand, and of British-ancestry „Yankees“, on the other, lasted into the s and have to some extent lasted into the 21st century; German Americans have tended to see farming in a more family-oriented manner than Yankees.

The influence of German cuisine is seen in the cuisine of the United States throughout the country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer. Frankfurters or „wieners“, originating from Frankfurt am Main and Vienna , respectively , hamburgers , bratwurst , sauerkraut , and strudel are common dishes.

German bakers introduced the pretzel , which is popular across the United States. Germans introduced America to lager , the most-produced beer style in the United States, and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since The oldest extant brewery in the United States is D. Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants, Capt.

Louis in There are also major annual events in Chicago’s Lincoln Square neighborhood, a traditional a center of the city’s German population, in Cincinnati , where its annual Oktoberfest Zinzinnati [] is the largest Oktoberfest outside of Germany [] and in Milwaukee, which celebrates its German heritage with an annual German Fest.

The following German international schools are in operation in the United States, serving German citizens, Americans, and other U. German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society, including science, architecture, business, sports, entertainment, theology, politics, and the military. Eisenhower , Chester W. Henry Kissinger was a famous diplomat,.

Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business, including Henry J. Heinz H. Kraft Kraft Foods Inc. Some, such as Brooklyn Bridge engineer John A. Albert Einstein , J. They contributed decisively to the development of U. Neil Armstrong was the first human to land on the moon.

There were many celebrities. There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent: Dwight D. Presidents with maternal German ancestry include Harry Truman , whose maternal grandfather Solomon Young was a descendant of Johann Georg Jung and Hans Michael Gutknecht, who emigrated from Germany together in , [] Richard Milhous Nixon , whose maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized Melhausen to Milhous, [] and Barack Obama , whose maternal family’s ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of Besigheim [] and from Bischwiller in the Alsace region that is nowadays part of France; both families came to America around Johnson , Grover Cleveland , George W.

Bush , George H. Bush and Theodore Roosevelt Jr had at least one German ancestor, but they did not emphasize it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Americans of German birth or descent. Deutschamerikaner German. Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey in This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Pennsylvania German. Main article: Germans in the American Revolution. Main article: History of the Jews in the United States. Further information: Germans in Alabama.

Main article: German Texan. See also: Volga Germans and Russian Mennonite. Wisconsin — See also: List of German restaurants.

Main article: German American journalism. German speakers in the US. Main article: German language in the United States. Lateth-century German-American buildings in Manhattan. Frohne on St. Mark’s Place in the East Village. For a more comprehensive list, see List of German Americans. Bruce Leslie has written that „German American invisibility in contemporary society and in history is an anomaly deserving attention.

By standard statistical measurement, the Germans were the largest immigrant group. Yet historians have been far more interested in Italian, Irish, Polish, and Eastern European Jewish immigration and culture. Irish bars, Italian restaurants, and Jewish humor abound. German language is rarely studied in high schools or colleges and German restaurants are an endangered culinary species.

The blending of so many millions into the American mainstream with barely a trace is one of the major untold stories in American history“. I have already noted Laurie Jablonski’s stronger identification with her Polish than with her German ancestry, a fact she attributed to the influence her surname had on how others reacted to her.

When I asked about times when the relative influence of one or the other side might be stronger, she revealed that political events in Germany and Poland had a lot to do with how she chose to identify herself“. A similar story to Laurie’s is related in a description by Hinda Winawer-Steiner and Norbert Wetzel of a workshop for family therapists on ethnicity and family therapy. The therapists were supposed to talk about their ethnicity and how it might influence their work.

A discussion of a German-American family revealed that two of the therapists who had identified themselves as Polish-American at the beginning of the workshop were, in fact, half German. It turned out that they were suppressing their German identity because of the negative connotations associated with being German.

The other, after some reflection, said that in a group that was half Jewish, she had been reluctant to acknowledge her German heritage“ Winawer-Steiner and Wetzel , „. Hence, German-Americans‘ diversity has emerged as perhaps the crucial variable accounting for their assimilationist propensities. Otter Tail County, certainly a rural area, had German-American communities that were diverse and small, and these communities succeeded in maintaining crucial ethnic boundaries into the twentieth century.

The persistence of these heterogeneous, lightly populated German-American communities suggest that place of residence was the key factor in the rate of German-American assimilation. Urban orientation may have corroded German-American ethnic boundaries more than diversity did, though the two variables were not unrelated“.

Cayton: „In the process of participating in the public culture of Ohio, some Germans struggled to keep connections with their birthplaces.

A coherent community was difficult to maintain, however. Proud as they were of ‚Deutschthum‘, or the sum of Germanness, it became increasingly vague.

Germans were too diverse in terms of religion and politics. Writing about New Orleans , Miller states „During the nineteenth century, the Irish and Germans provided the largest numbers of mmigrants and gave the city its immigrant cast. The Irish and Germans differed in their ethnic cohesiveness and interactions with the host culture s „. They were widely dispersed throughout the Second and Third Municipalities, and in Carrollton and Lafayette, and they were fragmented by differences in religion, region of origin, and class.

The proliferation of German clubs, associations, and institutions bespoke the Germans‘ numerical significance in the city, but it also attested to their divisions, for such organizations tended to cater to very specific groups rather than bind the various German strands together.

But, overall, Germans were too diverse and divided to dominate the city“. In the great waves of late antebellum immigration, the vast majority of Irish immigrants entering New Orleans came from a few select counties in Ireland. They shared a common faith, poverty, and national identity. New Orleans was small enough so that dispersal did not diminish Irish power; in fact, Irish immigrants everywhere shared so many common cultural and class interests that dispersion served to broaden Irish influence on the city’s culture“.

Carl Schurz – „. June 11, Archived from the original on June 11, Retrieved March 17, Archived from the original on August 5, Retrieved March 18, January 13, Retrieved January 5, Lerner Harvard UP. American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition.

NYU Press. Social Science History. JSTOR Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press. OCLC Amish Society. Standardization: Studies from the Germanic Languages.

December 1, By Carl Wittke. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Journal of American History. ISSN Retrieved February 25, The American Midwest , p. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved on November 15, Robinson, History of North Dakota pp.

The Newberry Library. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. Faust, page Quoting from an ethnicity study by B. Gould; online. Neale Carman, ed. Journal of American Ethnic History. Jensen Richard Jensen. Louis, „. Jentz, eds. Social Anarchism journal. Retrieved July 8, Catholic Historian. Retrieved August 28, The New York Times. July 31, Retrieved July 30, The Cincinnati Enquirer , June 6, Accessed February 15,

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Wiley states that, in Nebraska, „around 14 percent of the population had identified itself as being of German-origin in ; however, only 4. In Wisconsin, the decline in percentage of those identifying themselves as Germans was even more obvious. The census reported only 6. These statistics led Burnell One must attribute this reaction to the wave of repression that swept the Continent and enveloped anyone with a German past““.

The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote ethnic but not interreligious intermarriage. While its impact appears to be less well-known and studied than the impact which World War I had on German Americans, World War II was likewise difficult for them and likewise had the impact of forcing them to drop distinctive German characteristics and assimilate into the general US culture.

Although the assimilation process had taken its toll of pre German immigrants, a smaller group of newer postwar arrivals had developed a vocal if not impolitic interest in the rebuilding process in Germany under National Socialism. As the s moved on, Hitler’s brutality and Nazi excesses made Germanism once again suspect. The rise of Nazism, as Luebke notes, ‚transformed German ethnicity in America into a source of social and psychological discomfort, if not distress.

Leaders of the German-American community would have great difficulty rebuilding an ethnic consciousness Few German-Americans could defend what Hitler By the s, Germania had largely vanished outside some rural areas and the Germans were thoroughly assimilated. Not even politicians would think of addressing them explicitly as an ethnic constituency as they would say, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, or African Americans. Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendants.

Kazal looks at Germans in Philadelphia, focusing on four ethnic subcultures: middle-class Vereinsdeutsche , working-class socialists, Lutherans, and Catholics.

On the other hand, working-class and Catholic Germans, groups that heavily overlapped, lived and worked with Irish and other European ethnics; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as White ethnics, distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods. Well before World War I, women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German-language neighborhood shops and into English-language downtown department stores.

The s and s brought English-language popular culture via movies and radio that drowned out the few surviving German language venues. Kazal points out that German Americans have not had an experience that is especially typical of immigrant groups. No other large immigrant group was subjected to such strong, sustained pressure to abandon its ethnic identity for an American one. None was so divided internally, a characteristic that made German Americans especially vulnerable to such pressure.

Among the larger groups that immigrated in the country after , none – despite regional variations – appears to have muted its ethnic identity to so great an extent. Regarding the external pressures, Kazal writes: „The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration. No other ethnic group saw its ‚adoptive fatherland‘ twice enter a world war against its country of origin.

To this stigma, the Third Reich added the lasting one of the Holocaust. In her study of ethnic identity in the s, sociologist Mary Waters noted that the ‚effect of the Nazi movement and World War II was still quite strong‘ in shaping ‚popular perceptions of the German-American character‘, enough so that some individuals of mixed background often would acknowledge only the non-German part of their ancestry. In contrast, they pressured Germans to accept precisely that American identity in place of a German one“.

Kazal goes on to state „The burden of „enemy“ status made those pressures far greater for Germans than for other European ethnic groups. To some extent, American intervention in World War I actually helped fuel ethnic nationalism in the United States among Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and east European Jews, who felt their desires for existing or prospective homelands stood to gain from an Allied victory.

Such groups escaped the fury of “ percent Americanism“ during the war, in part because of their obvious stake in the defeat of the Central Powers“. Kazal then goes on to discuss the internal dividedness. He writes: „German-American identity fell victim not only to a peculiar set of events, but also to an extraordinarily high level of internal diversity. All ethnic groups have internal divides, whether of class, religion, gender, politics, or homeland region.

What distinguished German America was that it incorporated not just some but all of these divisions. Irish Americans, for example, had lost their status as primarily a proletarian group by , yet they were united by religion and politics. The power of this synthesis, Kerby Miller argued, explains the survival of Irish-American identity despite the ebbing of organised Irish-American nationalism after the Free State’s founding. For German Americans, religion and party politics were sources of division rather than of unity“.

The latter beckoned as destinations when the cost of being German-American rose too high“. In part this reflects patterns that had developed over centuries in Germany, whose population came to include nearly every variety of Christianity—from Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups to more radical Anabaptist pietistic movements such as Amish, Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and the Moravian church. It is not surprising, then, that nearly all of these denominations were represented among the German immigrant population in North America.

Robert Paul McCaffery points out that „Despite their numbers Religious disputes brought from the old country prevented them from uniting in the new. The two strongest denominations, Catholics and Lutherans, could not come together; and the Free Thinkers distrusted and shunned them both. Tischauser „maintains that neither World War I, political questions of importance to Germans, nor German candidates could unite the German-Americans of Chicago“.

The small rabbinical German Jewish community remained insular. The Freethinkers, atheists, socialists, et al. In addition, the Germans, while heavily concentrated in a few pockets of north and south St.

Louis, were spread across the city proper and into the larger countryside“. This situation differed from that of other nineteenth-century immigrant groups, notably the Irish, but also Italians and people of other European backgrounds. The resulting lack of a unified and clearly definable German-American community explains in part why only few Americans, including those of German descent, have any idea when Steuben Day or German-American Day falls, whereas the Irish St.

Patrick’s Day is one of America’s most popular celebrations, and Columbus Day, named after the Italian explorer, is a federal holiday“. Despite the remarkable level of language assimilation reached by German Americans, distinct German usage survived well into the mid-to-lateth century in some places. Writing about the town of Hustisford, Wisconsin , Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke, who was born in , with German his first language at home; „Grulke’s great-grandparents immigrated to the U.

The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group, whereas Plautdietsch-speakers tend much more to switch to English. Another group of German-speakers can be found in the Amana Colonies in Iowa; according to the website Statistical Atlas, all the residents of East Amana speak German at home, and only It has been shown that cultural differences between the attitudes towards farming of German Americans, on the one hand, and of British-ancestry „Yankees“, on the other, lasted into the s and have to some extent lasted into the 21st century; German Americans have tended to see farming in a more family-oriented manner than Yankees.

So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as “ Deutschtown “ and has been revived as such. Skat , the most popular card game in Germany, is also played in areas of the United States with large German American populations, such as Wisconsin and Texas. The following German international schools are in operation in the United States, serving German citizens, Americans, and other U. German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society, including science, architecture, business, sports, entertainment, theology, politics, and the military.

Eisenhower , Chester W. Henry Kissinger was a famous diplomat,. Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business, including Henry J.

Heinz H. Kraft Kraft Foods Inc. Some, such as Brooklyn Bridge engineer John A. Albert Einstein , J. They contributed decisively to the development of U. Neil Armstrong was the first human to land on the moon. There were many celebrities. There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent: Dwight D.

Presidents with maternal German ancestry include Harry Truman , whose maternal grandfather Solomon Young was a descendant of Johann Georg Jung and Hans Michael Gutknecht, who emigrated from Germany together in , [] Richard Milhous Nixon , whose maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized Melhausen to Milhous, [] and Barack Obama , whose maternal family’s ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of Besigheim [] and from Bischwiller in the Alsace region that is nowadays part of France; both families came to America around Johnson , Grover Cleveland , George W.

Census Bureau’s American Community Survey in This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Pennsylvania German. Main article: Germans in the American Revolution. Main article: History of the Jews in the United States. Further information: Germans in Alabama.

Main article: German Texan. See also: Volga Germans and Russian Mennonite. Wisconsin — See also: List of German restaurants.

Irish bars, Italian restaurants, and Jewish humor abound. German language is rarely studied in high schools or colleges and German restaurants are an endangered culinary species. The blending of so many millions into the American mainstream with barely a trace is one of the major untold stories in American history“.

I have already noted Laurie Jablonski’s stronger identification with her Polish than with her German ancestry, a fact she attributed to the influence her surname had on how others reacted to her. When I asked about times when the relative influence of one or the other side might be stronger, she revealed that political events in Germany and Poland had a lot to do with how she chose to identify herself“. A similar story to Laurie’s is related in a description by Hinda Winawer-Steiner and Norbert Wetzel of a workshop for family therapists on ethnicity and family therapy.

The therapists were supposed to talk about their ethnicity and how it might influence their work. A discussion of a German-American family revealed that two of the therapists who had identified themselves as Polish-American at the beginning of the workshop were, in fact, half German. It turned out that they were suppressing their German identity because of the negative connotations associated with being German.

The persistence of these heterogeneous, lightly populated German-American communities suggest that place of residence was the key factor in the rate of German-American assimilation.

Urban orientation may have corroded German-American ethnic boundaries more than diversity did, though the two variables were not unrelated“. Cayton: „In the process of participating in the public culture of Ohio, some Germans struggled to keep connections with their birthplaces.

A coherent community was difficult to maintain, however. Proud as they were of ‚Deutschthum‘, or the sum of Germanness, it became increasingly vague. Germans were too diverse in terms of religion and politics. Writing about New Orleans , Miller states „During the nineteenth century, the Irish and Germans provided the largest numbers of mmigrants and gave the city its immigrant cast.

The Irish and Germans differed in their ethnic cohesiveness and interactions with the host culture s „. They were widely dispersed throughout the Second and Third Municipalities, and in Carrollton and Lafayette, and they were fragmented by differences in religion, region of origin, and class. The proliferation of German clubs, associations, and institutions bespoke the Germans‘ numerical significance in the city, but it also attested to their divisions, for such organizations tended to cater to very specific groups rather than bind the various German strands together.

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Germans in the New World. Luebke, Frederick. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, — Nadel, Stanley. O’Connor, Richard. German-Americans: an Informal History. Pickle, Linda. Pochmann, Henry A. Rippley, LaVern J. Louis, —,“ Missouri Historical Review, , vol. Roeber, A. Salamon, Sonya. Salmons, Joseph C. The German Language in America, Schiffman, Harold.

Schirp, Francis. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Appleton, Schlossman, Steven L. German in the public elementary schools, Tischauser, Leslie V. Tolzmann, Don H. German Americans in the World Wars , 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K. Saur, German-American Literature Scarecrow Press, Essays by scholars covering broad themes. Newell said that they would have liked to bring the service to the console through the game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive , which would have allowed Valve to provide the same feature set that it did for the PlayStation 3, [] but later said that cross-platform play would not be present in the final version of the game.

Valve’s Erik Johnson stated that Microsoft required new content on the console to be certified and validated before distribution, which would limit the usefulness of Steamworks‘ delivery approach. Valve released an official Steam client for iOS and Android devices in late January , following a short beta period. The application also incorporates a two-factor authentication system that works with Steam Guard, further enhancing the security of a user’s account.

Newell stated that the application was a strong request from Steam users and sees it as a means „to make [Steam] richer and more accessible for everyone“. On May 14, , a „Steam Link“ app with remote play features was released in beta to allow users to stream games to Android phones, named after discontinued set-top box Steam Link. Prior to , industry analysts believed that Valve was developing hardware and tuning features of Steam with apparent use on its own hardware. These computers were pre-emptively dubbed as „Steam Boxes“ by the gaming community and expected to be a dedicated machine focused upon Steam functionality and maintaining the core functionality of a traditional video game console.

That was discontinued in , but now „Steam Link“ refers to the Remote Play mobile app that allows users to stream content, such as games, from a PC to a mobile device over a network.

Valve released the Steam Deck , a handheld gaming computer running an updated version of SteamOS , with initial shipments starting on February 25, In March , Google offered a prerelease version of Steam on Chromebooks. Valve included beta support for Steam Cloud Play in May for developers to allow users to play games in their library which developers and publishers have opted to allow in a cloud gaming service.

At launch, Steam Cloud Play only worked through Nvidia’s GeForce Now service and would link up to other cloud services in the future though whether Valve would run its own cloud gaming service was unclear.

China has strict regulations on video games and Internet use ; however, access to Steam is allowed through China’s governmental firewalls. Currently, a large portion of Steam users are from China. Following a Chinese government-ordered temporary block of many of Steam’s functions in December , [] Valve and Perfect World announced they would help to provide an officially sanctioned version of Steam that meets Chinese Internet requirements.

Perfect World has worked with Valve before to help bring Dota 2 and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive to the country through approved government processes.

It was made to comply with China’s strict regulations on video games , featuring only those that have passed approval by their government. On 25 December , reports emerged that Steam’s global service was the target of a domain name system attack that prevented users in China from accessing its site. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology MIIT later confirmed that Chinese gamers would no longer be able to use Steam’s global service as its international domain name has been designated as „illegal“ due to „illicit activities“ which were unspecified.

The block has effectively locked all Chinese users out of games they had purchased through Steam’s international service, and that they would only be able to go through Steam’s China-specific application.

Valve reported that there were million active accounts on Steam by the end of Valve also considers the concurrent user count a key indicator of the success of the platform, reflecting how many accounts were logged into Steam at the same time.

By August , Valve reported that they saw a peak of 14 million concurrent players, up from 8. Steam has grown from seven games in to over 30, by , with additional non-gaming products, such as creation software, DLC, and videos, numbering over 20, Though Steam provides direct sales data to a game’s developer and publisher, it does not provide any public sales data or provide such data to third-party sales groups like NPD Group.

In , Valve’s Jason Holtman stated that the company felt that such sales data was outdated for a digital market, since such data, used in aggregate from other sources, could lead to inaccurate conclusions.

Developers and publishers have expressed the need to have some metrics of sales for games on Steam, as this allows them to judge the potential success of a title by reviewing how similar games had performed.

This led to the creation of algorithms that worked on publicly available data through user profiles to estimate sales data with some accuracy, which led to the creation of the website Steam Spy in The change broke the method Steam Spy had collected data, rendering it unusable.

Some have asserted that Valve used the GDPR change as a means to block methods of estimating sales data, [] though Valve has since promised to provide tools to developers to help gain such insights that they say will be more accurate than Steam Spy was. Steam’s customer service has been highly criticized, with users citing poor response times or lack of response in regards to problems such as being locked out of one’s library or having a non-working game redemption key.

In March , Valve had been given a failing „F“ grade from the Better Business Bureau due to a large number of complaints in Valve’s handling of Steam, leading Valve’s Erik Johnson to state that „we don’t feel like our customer service support is where it needs to be right now“.

Of those, requests for refunds were the largest segment, and which Valve could resolve within hours, followed by account security and recovery requests. Greenlight expanded this to about 70 per week, and which doubled to per week following the introduction of Direct.

Following the launch of Steam Direct, allowing games to be published without Valve’s curation, members of the video game industry were split on Valve’s hands-off approach.

Some praised Valve in favoring to avoid trying to be a moral adjudicator of content and letting consumers decide what content they want to see, while others felt that this would encourage some developers to publish games on Steam that are purposely hateful or degenerate of some social classes, like LGBTQ , and that Valve’s reliance on user filters and algorithms may not succeed in blocking undesirable content from certain users. Some further criticized the decision based on the financial gain from avoid blocking any game content, as Valve collects a cut from sales through Steam.

Steam was estimated to have the largest share in the PC digital distribution market in the s. Competitors emerged with Games for Windows — Live in and Impulse in , both of which were shut down in and , respectively. They purported that having such a percentage of the overall market can be detrimental to the industry and that sector competition would yield positive results for consumers.

Because of Valve’s oversight of sales data, estimates of how much of a market share Steam has in the video game market is difficult to compile. Steam’s predominance in the gaming market has led to Valve becoming involved in various legal cases. In December , the French consumer group UFC-Que Choisir initiated a lawsuit against Valve for several of their Steam policies that conflict or run afoul of French law, including the restriction against reselling of purchased games , which is legal in the European Union.

The decision is primarily based on the court’s findings that Steam sells licenses to software titles, despite Valve’s claim that they were selling subscriptions, which are not covered by the Directives. The company stated that it would appeal the decision. In August , BT Group filed a lawsuit against Valve stating that Steam’s client infringes on four of their patents, which they stated were used within Steam’s Library, Chat, Messaging, and Broadcasting services.

In , the European Commission began investigating Valve and five other publishers— Bandai Namco Entertainment , Capcom , Focus Home Interactive , Koch Media and ZeniMax Media —for anti-competitive practices, specifically the use of geo-blocking through the Steam storefront and Steam product keys to prevent access to software to citizens of certain countries within the European Economic Area.

A January class-action lawsuit filed against Valve asserted that the company forced developers into entering a “ most favored nation „-type of pricing contract to offer games on their storefront, which required the developers to price their games the same on other platforms as they did on Steam, thus stifling competition. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Video game service. List of languages. Content delivery Digital rights management Social network service Video streaming service.

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The Thai government is targeting the digital content industry microsoft works 9 german free file formats supported by captivate 9 free of the industries for promotion and expressed its intention to become a digital content hub in Asean. Citibank recommends diversifying investments to handle market volatility and increasing interest rates when the global economy continues to face challenges, with ongoing inflation, pressure from oil prices, and supply chain imbalance.

Thai entrepreneurs are exploring business opportunities offered by the new Vientiane Logistics Park and its Thanaleng Dry Port. Short supply coupled with high demand has sent prices for the flowers soaring per cent to 1, baht per kilogram. The high demand for seaside condominium units in Hua Hin microsoft works 9 german free has driven the land price of plots along the beach to as high as million baht per rai 0. In12 young footballers and their coach were trapped by rising water in the twisted depths of Tham Microsoft works 9 german free cave, triggering a drama that drew worldwide attention.

Reiterating superior measures in environmental impact assessment and sustainable development. Thailand national team goalkeeper Kawin Thamsatchanan has returned to Muangthong United after five years. Agencies have received orders from the prime minister to tackle two urgent issues, Bangkok floods and the monkeypox outbreak. The Mass Rapid Transit Authority MRTA of Thailand has allayed fears about flooding of its subway, saying the system has been designed to be flood-proof even when rainfall is at the highest level in years.

World Athletics has certified Thai sprinter Puripol Boonson as the new metres world record holder in the under category. Tue, August 09, Home » latest-news.

With an estimated size of approximately 43 million in , German Americans are the largest of the self-reported ancestry groups by the United States Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. Very few of the German states had colonies in the new world. In the s, the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies , settling primarily in Pennsylvania , New York and Virginia.

Immigration ramped up sharply, with eight million Germans arriving during the 19th century, seven and a half million just between and There is a „German belt“ that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast.

Pennsylvania, with 3. They were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Germany by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. The arrivals before were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After , many came to cities, where „Germania“—German-speaking districts—soon emerged. German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, [13] introduced the Christmas tree tradition, [14] [15] and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America.

German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the German-American Steuben Parade in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September.

Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. Around , German citizens are living in the United States in The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in , and were accompanied by the first German American, Dr. Johannes Fleischer. He was followed in by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders.

Large numbers of Germans migrated from the s to s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons. Often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Most were Lutheran or German Reformed ; many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of In , Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of poverty, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London.

Queen Anne helped them get to the American colonies. The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus. Many immigrants, particularly children, died before reaching America in June The Palatine immigration of about people who survived was the largest single immigration to America in the colonial period. Most were first settled along the Hudson River in work camps, to pay off their passage.

By , seven villages had been established in New York on the Robert Livingston manor. One hundred homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent.

By , the Germans occupied a strip some 12 miles 19 km long along both sides of the Mohawk River. The soil was excellent; some houses were built, mostly of stone, and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids. Herkimer was the best-known of the German settlements in a region long known as the „German Flats“. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods.

They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They tolerated slavery although few were rich enough to own a slave. A later immigrant, John Jacob Astor , who came from Baden after the Revolutionary War, became the richest man in America from his fur trading empire and real estate investments in New York. John Law organized the first colonization of Louisiana with German immigrants. Of the over 5, Germans initially immigrating primarily from the Alsace Region as few as made up the first wave of immigrants to leave France en route to the Americas.

Less than of those first indentured German farmers made it to Louisiana and settled along what became known as the German Coast. With tenacity, determination and the leadership of D’arensburg these Germans felled trees, cleared land, and cultivated the soil with simple hand tools as draft animals were not available. The German coast settlers supplied the budding City of New Orleans with corn, rice, eggs. It encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the Swiss to immigrate.

Alsace was sold to France within the greater context of the Thirty Years‘ War — His letter said „these 9, Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate Alsace part of France were in Arkansas.

The Germans left Arkansas en masse. They went to New Orleans and demanded passage to Europe. The area is now known as ‚the German Coast ‚. They were attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Two waves of German colonists in and founded a colony in Virginia called Germanna , [31] located near modern-day Culpeper, Virginia.

Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood , taking advantage of the headright system , had bought land in present-day Spotsylvania and encouraged German immigration by advertising in Germany for miners to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony.

The name „Germanna“, selected by Governor Alexander Spotswood , reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British queen, Anne , who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna.

They established German settlements on that tract, especially in the area around what is now Winston-Salem. Soon after, the German Moravians founded the town of Salem in now a historical section in the center of Winston-Salem and Salem College an early female college in Simon’s Island and Fort Frederica in the s and s. They were actively recruited by James Oglethorpe and quickly distinguished themselves through improved farming, advanced tabby cement -construction, and leading joint Lutheran- Anglican -Reformed religious services for the colonists.

Many of the colonists fled to Boston , Maine , Nova Scotia , and North Carolina after their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native Americans.

The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming, and eventually turned to the shipping and fishing industries. The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between and , with immigrants arriving as redemptioners or indentured servants. By , Germans constituted about one-third of the population of the state. German farmers were renowned for their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices.

Politically, they were generally inactive until , when they joined a Quaker -led coalition that took control of the legislature, which later supported the American Revolution. Despite this, many of the German settlers were loyalists during the Revolution, possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government, or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society.

Collectively, they came to be known as the Pennsylvania Dutch from Deutsch. Etymologically, the word Dutch originates from the Old High German word „diutisc“ from „diot“ „people“ , referring to the Germanic „language of the people“ as opposed to Latin, the language of the learned see also theodiscus. Eventually the word came to refer to people who speak a Germanic language, and only in the last couple centuries the people of the Netherlands.

The Studebaker brothers, forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers, arrived in Pennsylvania in from the famous blade town of Solingen. With their skills, they made wagons that carried the frontiersmen westward; their cannons provided the Union Army with artillery in the American Civil War , and their automobile company became one of the largest in America, although never eclipsing the „Big Three“, and was a factor in the war effort and in the industrial foundations of the Army.

They were mercenary soldiers rented out by the rulers of several small German states such as Hesse to fight on the British side.

Many were captured; they remained as prisoners during the war but some stayed and became U. The Lutherans of Pennsylvania were on the patriot side.

Henry Muhlenberg was especially influential on the Patriot side. From names in the U. The brief Fries’s Rebellion was an anti-tax movement among Germans in Pennsylvania in — The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between and World War I , during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From to , they were the largest group of immigrants.

Following the Revolutions of in the German states , a wave of political refugees fled to America, who became known as Forty-Eighters. They included professionals, journalists, and politicians. A prominent representative of this generation of immigrants was Gustav Koerner who lived most of the time in Belleville, Illinois until his death. A few German Jews came in the colonial era. The largest numbers arrived after , especially in the midth century.

They formed small German-Jewish communities in cities and towns. They typically were local and regional merchants selling clothing; others were livestock dealers, agricultural commodity traders, bankers, and operators of local businesses. Henry Lehman , who founded Lehman Brothers in Alabama, was a particularly prominent example of such a German-Jewish immigrant. They formed Reform synagogues [48] and sponsored numerous local and national philanthropic organizations, such as B’nai B’rith.

The Midwestern cities of Milwaukee , Cincinnati , St. Louis , Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants. Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the “ Over-the-Rhine “ district in Cincinnati, “ Dutchtown “ in South St Louis, and “ German Village “ in Columbus, Ohio.

A particularly attractive destination was Milwaukee , and came to be known as „the German Athens „. Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city’s Socialists. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included Pabst , Schlitz , Miller , and Blatz.

Whereas half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the Midwest. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century. Texas attracted many Germans who entered through Galveston and Indianola , both those who came to farm, and later immigrants who more rapidly took industrial jobs in cities such as Houston. As in Milwaukee , Germans in Houston built the brewing industry.

By the s, the first generation of college-educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries. Texas had about 20, German Americans in the s.

They did not form a uniform bloc, but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived.

Но честно говоря, она в это уже почти не верила. – Пусть «ТРАНСТЕКСТ» работает, – принял решение Стратмор. – Я хочу быть абсолютно уверен, что это абсолютно стойкий шифр. Чатрукьян продолжал колотить по стеклу. – Ничего не поделаешь, – вздохнул Стратмор.

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Microsoft Office XP codenamed Office 10 [7] is an office suite which was officially revealed in July by Microsoft for the Windows operating system.

Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, , [8] and was later made available to retail on May 31, , less than five months prior to the release of Windows XP.

X was released on November 19, New features in Office XP include smart tags , a selection-based search feature that recognizes different types of text in a document so that users can perform additional actions; a task pane interface that consolidates popular menu bar commands on the right side of the screen to facilitate quick access to them; new document collaboration capabilities, support for MSN Groups and SharePoint ; and integrated handwriting recognition and speech recognition capabilities.

With Office XP, Microsoft incorporated several features to address reliability issues observed in previous versions of Office. Office XP is incompatible with Windows 95 and earlier versions of Windows. Office XP received mostly positive reviews upon its release, with critics praising its collaboration features, document protection and recovery functionality, and smart tags; however, the suite’s handwriting recognition and speech recognition capabilities were criticized and were mostly viewed as inferior to similar offerings from competitors.

As of May , over 60 million Office XP licenses had been sold. Microsoft released three service packs for Office XP during its lifetime. At a meeting with financial analysts in July , Microsoft demonstrated Office XP, then known by its codename, Office 10, which included a subset of features Microsoft designed in accordance with what at the time was known as the. NET strategy , one by which it intended to provide extensive client access to various web services and features such as speech recognition.

Before the release of Office 10 Beta 2, there was speculation that Microsoft intended to rebrand the new product as „Office ,“ [22] „Office ,“ [22] „Office. NET“ but unnamed sources stated that the company did not desire to do the same with Office 10, as the product was only partially related to the company’s.

NET strategy. Office XP Beta 2 was released to 10, technical testers in late The Custom Maintenance Wizard, for example, now allowed setup components to be modified after their installation, and the setup process of Office XP itself used a new version of Windows Installer. Microsoft also terminated the product’s support for Windows 95 and Windows NT 4. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, , [8] and was later made available to retail on May 31, Microsoft released three service packs for Office XP throughout the product’s lifecycle that introduced security enhancements, stability improvements, and software bug fixes; each service pack was made available as separate Client and Full File update versions.

Full File updates did not require access to installation media and were intended for network administrators to deploy updates to Office XP users who installed the product from a server location; [31] [32] [33] users could also manually install Full File updates. Service Pack 1 SP1 was released on December 11, , and included performance and security improvements, as well as stability improvements based on error reports from users.

Service Pack 2 SP2 , released on August 21, included all previously available standalone updates; some of the those previously released included cumulative security patches for Excel and Word to address potentially malicious code embedded in document macros. Earlier updates were designed to update only administrative images and fail when applied directly to clients.

Service Pack 3 SP3 was released on March 30, , and included all previously released updates, as well as previously unreleased stability improvements based on feedback and error reports received from users. SP3 does not require any earlier service packs to be installed. Office XP has a streamlined, flatter appearance compared to previous versions of Office. According to Microsoft, this change involved „removing visually competing elements, visually prioritizing items on a page, increasing letter spacing and word spacing for better readability, and defining foreground and background color to bring the most important elements to the front.

Excel and Word introduce smart tags , commands for specific types of text including addresses , calendar dates , personal names , telephone numbers , ticker symbols , or tracking numbers in documents.

Excel and Word support extensible smart tags that allow developers and organizations to display custom commands related to specific information. The smart tags used by Word are also available in Outlook if the former is configured as the default e-mail editor.

The AutoCorrect and Paste Options commands in previous versions of Office have been updated to include smart tags that are shared among all Office XP programs.

The AutoCorrect smart tag provides individual options to revert an automatic correction or to prohibit an automatic correction from occurring in the future, and also provides access to the AutoCorrect Options dialog box.

After the release of Office XP, Microsoft provided a repository for downloadable smart tags on its website. Office XP introduces a task pane interface that consolidates popular menu bar commands on the right side of the screen to facilitate quick access to them.

Word , for example, includes a task pane dedicated to style and formatting options. Users can switch between open task panes through the use of back and forward buttons; a drop-down list also presents specific task panes to which users can switch.

The default Startup task pane is automatically available when users launch an Office XP program and presents individual commands to open an existing file, create a new blank file or one from a template , add a network location, or open Office Help. The Search task pane includes individual Basic and Advanced modes and allows users to query local or remote locations for files.

The Basic mode allows users to perform full-text searches , while the Advanced mode provides additional file property query options. The Office Clipboard has been redesigned as the Clipboard task pane across all Office XP programs and can accommodate up to 24 clipboard items compared to 12 in Office Clipboard items provide a visual representation to help users distinguish different types of content.

Access and Excel support exporting and importing XML. Users can also save Excel workbooks as XML spreadsheets. Office XP introduces handwriting recognition in all Office programs, allowing users to write with a mouse or stylus instead of entering text by typing on a keyboard. Once installed, handwriting functionality is also available in Internet Explorer 5 and Outlook Express 5 or later. The downloadable Tablet Pack for Office XP provided an extension for Windows Journal to reuse notes as Outlook items and to import meeting information from Outlook into notes.

Speech recognition based on Microsoft Research technology is available for all Office XP programs, allowing users to dictate text into active documents, to change document formatting, and to navigate the interface by voice. The speech recognition feature encompasses two different modes: Dictation, which transcribes spoken words into text; and Voice Command, which invokes interface features.

Speech recognition can be installed during Office XP setup or by clicking the Speech option in the Tools menu in Word When installed, it is available as a Microphone command on the Language toolbar that appears in the upper-right corner of the screen lower-right corner in East-Asian versions of Office XP.

When launched for the first time, speech recognition offers a tutorial to improve recognition accuracy, which begins by providing instructions to adjust the microphone for optimal performance.

Users can configure speech recognition settings, including pronunciation sensitivity in voice command mode, accuracy and recognition response time in dictation mode, and microphone settings through the Speech control panel applet. The Regional and Language Options applet provides Language toolbar and additional settings. With Office XP, Microsoft incorporated several features to address reliability issues observed in previous versions of Office:. Additionally, all Office XP programs provide options for users to digitally sign documents.

When upgrading from a previous version of Office, Office XP retains the user’s previous configuration. The Custom Installation Wizard can prohibit the installation, use, or uninstallation of programs or features such as the Run from Network and Installed on First Use setup options.

Finally, the Custom Maintenance Wizard has been updated to provide customization options to configure Office XP including user preferences and security settings. In an effort to curtail software piracy , Microsoft incorporated product activation technology into all versions of Office XP to prohibit users from installing a single copy of the software in a manner that violates the end-user license agreement EULA.

The EULA allows a single user to install one copy each on a primary device and a portable device such as a laptop. Users who make substantial hardware changes to an Office XP device may need to reactivate the software through the Internet or by telephone.

Product activation does not require personally identifiable information. Office XP introduced an optional subscription-based activation model that allowed consumers to annually license the product and receive incremental updates at a reduced price when compared with the cost of a full retail version.

Microsoft originally intended to deliver the activation model to United States customers after the retail availability of Office XP on May 31, , but later decided to make it available to consumers in „a few select locations“ instead, citing a more cautious delivery approach.

A new „Ask a Question“ feature appears in the top-right corner of all Office XP programs and allows users to type natural language questions and receive answers without opening the Office Assistant „Clippy“ or Office Help.

Additionally, Office Help has been updated to aggregate and display content from the Internet in response to a query. The Office Assistant is now disabled by default and only appears when Help is activated. The component products were packaged together in various suites. Some of these editions were available as retail packages in either full or upgrade versions, others as full OEM versions for inclusion with new PCs, and still others as volume license versions that required no activation.

All editions provided the core components of Word, Excel, and Outlook, and all editions except the Small Business edition provided PowerPoint. Microsoft Office XP received mixed to positive reviews after its release. CNET praised the new collaboration and data recovery features, and stated that Office XP offered a „host of incremental improvements“ over its predecessor, Office , but ultimately concluded that „most enhancements and additions are better suited for groups than individuals.

While most assessments of Office XP were positive, the speech recognition feature was frequently criticized due to its inaccuracy and lack of advanced functionality. CNET regarded it as „especially lame“ because of its inability to recognize text editing commands such as „select the sentence“ and because it required users to manually switch between command and dictation modes.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Version of Microsoft Office suite. These applications make up the Standard edition. Windows NT 4. List of languages. Main article: Smart tag Microsoft. Intel Pentium III. Hardware accelerated video card or MMX processor. An audio output device and microphone are required for speech recognition. Collaboration features require Office 97 or later Internet access is required for product activation and online functionality.

Touchscreen for handwriting functionality. News Center. May 31, Retrieved February 25, Download Center. March 30, Archived from the original on January 5, Office Support.

May 30, Archived from the original on December 1, Archived from the original on March 7, Retrieved April 9, August 6, Archived from the original on April 14, Retrieved February 26,

Steam is a video game digital distribution service and storefront by Valve. It was launched microsoft works 9 german free a software client in September as a way for Valve to provide automatic updates for their games, and expanded mmicrosoft distributing and offering third-party game publishers ‚ titles in late Steam offers various features, like digital rights management DRMgame server matchmaking and anti-cheat measuresand social networking and game streaming services.

It provides the user with automatic game microsoft works 9 german free, saved game cloud synchronization, and community features such as friends messaging, in-game chat and a community market. Valve released a herman available application programming interface API called Steamworks inwhich developers can use to integrate Steam’s functions into their products, including in-game achievements, microtransactionsand user-created content support.

Mobile apps to access online Steam features were first released for iOS and Android in microsoft works 9 german free The platform also offers other digital разбираюсь logic pro x magic keyboard skin free download рок-группа and Valve gaming hardware, including productivity software, game soundtracks, videos 2017 product updates free VR headset Valve Index.

Valve had entered gerkan a publishing contract with Sierra Studios in ahead of the release of Half-Life. The germqn had given some intellectual property IP rights to Sierra in addition to publishing control. Valve published additional games through Sierra, including expansions for Half-Life and Counter-Strike. Aroundas Valve started work on Half-Life 2 and the new Source enginethey became concerned читать далее their contract with Sierra related to the IP rights, and the two companies negotiated a new contract by The new contract eliminated Sierra’s IP rights and gave Valve rights to digital distribution of its games.

Valve was looking for a way to better update its published games as provide downloadable patches for multiplayer games resulted in most of the online user base disconnecting for several days until players had installed the patch. Valve decided to create a platform that would update games automatically and implement stronger anti-piracy and anti-cheat measures.

Steam’s development began inwith working names for the platform being „Grid“ and „Gazelle“. Prior to the announcement of Steam, Valve found that Sierra had been distributing their games in PC cafes which they claimed was against the terms of the contract, and вот ссылка Sierra and their owners, Vivendi Gamesto court ffee Sierra countersued, asserting that with the announcement of Steam, Microsoft works 9 german free had been working to undermine the contract to offer a digital storefront for their games, directly competing with Sierra.

The case was initially ruled in Valve’s favor, allowing them to leave the contract due to the breach and seek other publishing partners for retail по этой ссылке of its games while continuing their work on Steam.

Between 80, andplayers microsoft works 9 german free in the beta test before Steam’s official release on September 12, Inthe World Opponent Network was shut down and replaced by Steam, with any online features of games that required it ceasing to work unless they converted over microsoft works 9 german free Steam.

In NovemberHalf-Life 2 was the first game to be offered digitally on Steam and require installation of the Steam client to play for retail copies.

During this time microsoft works 9 german free faced problems attempting to play the game. By May of that year, 13 million accounts had been created on the service, and games were for sale on the platform. Electronic Arts removed some of its games from Steam because of restrictive terms of service in and launched Mass Effect 3 only on its Origin service in Steam’s primary service is to allow its users to download games and other software microsoft works 9 german free they have in their virtual software libraries to their local computers as game cache files GCFs.

Valve intended to „make DRM obsolete“ as games released on Steam had traditional anti-piracy measures, including the assignment and distribution of product keys and support for digital rights management software tools such as SecuROM or non-malicious rootkits. The CEG technology creates a unique, encrypted copy of the game’s executable files for the given user, which allows them to install it multiple times and on multiple devices, and make backup copies of their software.

Normally this is done while connected microsoft works 9 german free the Internet following the user’s credential validation, but once they have logged into Steam once, a user can instruct Steam to launch in a special offline mode to be owrks to play their games without a network connection.

In SeptemberValve added support for Steam Cloud, a service that can automatically store saved game and related здесь files on Valve’s servers; users can access this data from any machine running the Steam client. Users can disable this feature on a продолжить and per-account basis.

Steam also offers a framework for selling and distributing downloadable content DLC for games. In SeptemberSteam introduced the ability to share most games with family members and close friends by authorizing machines to access one’s library. Authorized players can micrisoft the game locally and play it separately from the gree account. Users can access their saved games and achievements providing the main owner is not playing.

When the main player initiates a game while a shared account is using it, the shared account user is allowed a few minutes to either save their progress and close the game or purchase the game for his or her own account. In accordance microdoft its acceptable use policy ссылка на страницу, Valve retains the right to block customers‘ access to their games and Steam services when Valve’s Anti-Cheat VAC software determines that the user is cheating in multiplayer games, selling accounts to others, or trading games to exploit regional price differences.

The Steam client includes fred digital storefront called the Steam Store through which users can purchase computer games. Once the game is bought, a software license is permanently attached to the miicrosoft Steam account, allowing them to download the software on any compatible device. Game licenses can be given to other accounts under certain conditions. Content is delivered from an international network of servers using a proprietary посетить страницу transfer protocol.

Sincethe Steam Translation Server project offers Steam users to assist with the translation of the Steam client, storefront, and a selected library of Steam games for twenty-eight languages. In FebruaryMicrosofh began to open similar options for in-game item purchases for third-party games.

In conjunction with developers and publishers, Нажмите для продолжения frequently provides discounted перейти on games on a daily and weekly basis, sometimes oriented around a publisher, genre, or holiday theme, and sometimes allow games microsoft works 9 german free be tried for free during the days of these sales. The site normally offers a large egrman of games at discount during its annual Summer and Holiday sales, including gamification of these sales to incentive users to purchase more games.

Users of Steam’s storefront can also purchase games and other software as gifts to be given to another Steam user. Prior to Mayusers could purchase these gifts to be held in microsoft works 9 german free profile’s inventory until they opted to gift them. However, this feature enabled a gray market around some games, where a user in a country where the price of a game was substantially lower than elsewhere could stockpile giftable copies of games to sell to others, particularly in regions with much higher prices.

The Steam store also enables users to redeem store product feee microsoft works 9 german free add software from their library. The keys are sold by third-party providers such as Humble Bundle in which a portion of the sale is given back to the publisher or distributordistributed as part of a physical release to redeem the game, or given to a user as part of promotions, often used to deliver Kickstarter and adobe photoshop cc tutorials crowd funding rewards.

A grey market exists around Steam keys, where less reputable buyers purchase a large number of Steam keys for a game when it is offered for a low cost, and then resell these keys to users or other third-party sites at a higher price, generating profit for themselves. InSteam began to accept player reviews of games. Other users can subsequently rate these reviews as helpful, humorous, or otherwise unhelpful, which are then used to highlight the most useful reviews on the game’s Steam store page.

Steam also aggregates these reviews and enables users to sort products based on this feedback while browsing the store.

In particular, Valve announced in March that it mark reviews they believe are „off-topic“ as a result of a review bomb, and eliminate their contribution to summary review scores; the first such games they took action on with this was the Borderlands games after it was announced Borderlands 3 would be a timed-exclusive to the Epic Games Store.

During mid, Valve began to offer free-to-play games, microsoft works 9 german free as Global AgendaSpiral Knights and Champions Online ; this offer was linked to the company’s move to make Team Fortress 2 a free-to-play title. Later that year, Valve added the ability to trade in-game items and „unopened“ game gifts between users. Steam Coupons can be provided to users by developers and publishers; users can trade these coupons between friends in a similar fashion to gifts and in-game items.

For example, Team Fortress 2 —the first game supported at the beta phase—incurred both fees. Full support for other games was expected to be available in early In OctoberSteam introduced non-gaming applications, which are sold through the service in the same manner as games.

Valve have also added the ability for publishers to rent and sell digital movies via the service, with initially most being video game documentaries. Entertainment offering извиняюсь, microsoft teams set up breakout rooms вообще-то Mad Max films alongside the September release of the game based on the series[] Lionsgate entered into agreement with Valve to rent over one hundred feature films from its catalog through Steam starting in Aprilwith more films following later.

While Steam allows developers to offer demo versions of their games greman any time, Valve worked with Geoff Keighley in in conjunction with The Game Awards to hold a week-long Steam Game Festival to feature a large selection of game demos of current and upcoming games, alongside sales for games already released.

A Steam Points system and storefront was added in Junewhich mirrored similar temporary points systems that had been used in prior sales on the storefront. Users earn points through purchases on Steam or by receiving community recognition for helpful reviews or discussion comments. These points do not expire as they had grman the prior sales, and can be redeemed in the separate storefront for cosmetics that apply to the user’s profile and chat interface.

The popularity of Steam has led to the service’s being attacked by http://replace.me/22217.txt. An attempt occurred in Novemberwhen Valve temporarily closed the community forums, citing potential hacking threats to the service. Days later, Valve reported that the hack had compromised one of its customer databases, potentially allowing the perpetrators to access customer information; including encrypted password and credit card details. At that time, Valve was not aware whether the intruders actually micrsooft this information or discovered the gerkan method, but microsoft works 9 german free warned mivrosoft to be alert for fraudulent activity.

Valve added Steam Guard functionality to the Steam client in March to protect against the hijacking of accounts via phishing schemes, one of the largest support problems Valve had at the time. Once locked, activity by that account on other computers must first be approved by the user on the locked computer.

Ggermanbetween Steam-based game inventories, trading cards, and other virtual goods attached to a user’s account, Valve stated that the potential monetary value had drawn hackers to try to access user accounts for financial benefit, and continue to encourage users to secure accounts with Steam Guard, when microsoft works 9 german free was introduced in To improve security, the company announced that new restrictions would be added in Marchunder which day holds are placed microsoftt traded items unless they activate, and authenticate with Steam Guard Mobile Authenticator.

In Julya bug in the software allowed anyone to reset the password to any account by using the „forgot password“ function of worka client. High-profile professional gamers and streamers lost access to their accounts. In AprilValve added new privacy settings for Steam users, who are able to set if their current activity status is private, visible to friends only, or public; in addition to being able to hide their game lists, inventory, and other profile elements in a similar manner.

While these changes brought Steam’s privacy settings inline with berman used by game console microsoft works 9 german free, it also impacted third-party services such as Steam Spywhich relied on the public data to estimate Steam sales count. Valve established a HackerOne bug bounty program in Maya crowdsourced method to test and improve security features of microsoft works 9 german free Steam client. Microsoft works 9 german free vulnerability was then reported to Valve via microsoft works 9 german free program, but it was initially rejected for being „out-of-scope“.

Following a second vulnerability found by the same user, Valve apologized and patched them both, and expanded the program’s rules to accept any other similar problems in the future. The Anti-Defamation League published a report that stated the Steam Community platform harbors hateful content in April Since NovemberSteam has allowed for users to review their purchased games and organize them into categories set by the user and add to favorite lists for quick access.

The Steam interface allows for user-defined shortcuts to be added. In this way, third-party modifications wprks games not purchased through the Steam Store can use Steam features. Valve sponsors and distributes some modifications free of charge; [] and modifications that use Steamworks can also use VAC, Friends, the server browser, and any Steam features supported by their parent game. For most games launched from Steam, the client provides an in-game overlay that can microsoft works 9 german free accessed by a keystroke.

From the overlay, the user can access his or her Steam Community lists and participate in chat, manage selected Steam settings, and access a built-in web browser without having to exit the game. As a full version on Free games for pc 24,this microsoft works 9 german free was reimplemented so that users could share screenshots on websites of FacebookTwitterand Reddit straight from a microsoft works 9 german free screenshot manager.

Steam’s „Big Picture“ mode was announced in ; [] public betas больше на странице in September and were integrated into the software in December Newell stated that Big Picture mode was a step towards a dedicated Steam entertainment hardware unit. InValve announced Steam перейти на источник Schools, a free function-limited version of the Steam client for schools.

It was released alongside free versions of Portal 2 and a standalone program called „Puzzle Maker“ microsoft works 9 german free allowed teachers and students to create and manipulate levels. It featured additional authentication security that allowed teachers to share and distribute jicrosoft via a Steam Workshop-type interface, but blocks access from students.

In-Home Streaming was introduced in May ; it allows adobe illustrator cs6 pdf free to stream games installed on one computer to another—regardless of platform—on the same home network with low latency.

The Steam читать далее, as part of a social network serviceallows users to identify friends and join groups using the Steam Community feature. Users can читать далее in forums hosted by Valve to discuss Steam games.

Each user has a unique page that shows his or her groups and friends, game library microsoft works 9 german free earned achievements, game geman, and other social features; users can choose to keep this information private. Using them, players can trade with other Steam users on the Steam community Marketplace and use them to craft „Badges“, which grant rewards such as game discount coupons, emoticons, and the ability to customize their user profile page.

Microsoft Works was a productivity software suite developed by Microsoft and sold from to Its core functionality included a word processor , a spreadsheet and a database management system. Later versions had a calendar application and a dictionary while older releases included a terminal emulator. Works was available as a standalone program, and as part of a namesake home productivity suite. Works was smaller, less expensive, and had fewer features than Microsoft Office and other major office suites available at the time.

Microsoft Works originated as MouseWorks, an integrated spreadsheet, word processor and database program, designed for the Macintosh by ex-Apple employee Don Williams and Rupert Lissner. Boyd , convinced Williams in [4] to license the product to Microsoft instead. As laptops grew in power, Microsoft Works, as it was to be called, evolved as a popular product in its own right. Works 2. System requirements consisted of Windows 3. Works 3. Subsequent releases were for Windows 95 and up and the final version was Works 9.

Version 9. In late , Microsoft announced it was discontinuing Works and replacing it with Office Starter Edition , [9] [10] although it replaced only the word processor and spreadsheet components but not the calendar or the database. Microsoft Works has built-in compatibility for the Microsoft Office document formats. DOC and. Newer [ which? Even in the final version Version 9. While its utility for larger organizations is limited by its use of incompatible proprietary native.

WKS spreadsheet ,. WDB database , and. Version 4. A ‚Works Portfolio‘ utility offers Microsoft Binder -like functionality. The Works Calendar can store appointments, integrates with the Windows Address Book , as well as Address Book’s successor, Windows Contacts, and can remind users of birthdays and anniversaries.

It supports importing and exporting iCalendar. ICS files. Up to version 8, using the Works Task Launcher, the calendar and contacts from Windows Address Book could be synchronized with portable devices. In Works 9. Microsoft at least at some time in the past made file format conversion filters for Microsoft Word for opening and saving to Works Word Processor format.

One commercially available solution for converting to and from Microsoft Works files on the Macintosh platform apparently in was the MacLinkPlus product from DataViz. Free online conversion services in were also available. Works Spreadsheet and Works Database are unable to handle more than fonts installed in Windows and throw error messages.

In , Microsoft introduced Microsoft Home Essentials, which packaged several of its home productivity titles into a single suite that was sold for a then low price described in a review by the Chicago Tribune as „one of the best bargains ever offered. A slimmer version of the suite, dubbed Works Deluxe, was also offered for that year, but discontinued thereafter.

As the programs within Works Suite were developed separately and sold individually, each had a unique look and feel. They were integrated by a task plane, which picked the appropriate program for the user to accomplish each task. In addition to the core programs, each version of Works Suite also included programs such as FoneSync in , and PowerPoint Viewer beginning in Later editions of Works Suite prompted users to upgrade to more featured versions of the included programs at a discounted rate.

In addition to retail sales, Works Suite was included with the purchase of a new computer by several manufacturers, notably Dell and Gateway. Works Suite was discontinued after the edition. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Productivity software suite. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. April Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Archived from the original on 23 January Archived from the original on 6 October Retrieved 21 July InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 August Retrieved 21 July — via Google Books. Channel 9. Archived from the original on 2 October Retrieved 11 November Archived from the original on Retrieved Archived from the original on 2 January Retrieved 11 January Archived from the original on 19 March Archived from the original on 11 March Archived from the original on 13 May Archived from the original on 25 July Usenet; gmane.

Archived from the original on 12 October Archived from the original on 19 July Linux Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 4 December Archived from the original on 20 July Office suites list.

AndrOpen Office Collabora Office. Vector graphics editors Word processors. Category List Comparison. Word processors. List Comparison of early word processors. AbiWord Bean up to v. Adobe Buzzword Atlantis Nova Bean since v. Nisus Writer. Category:Word processors.

Google Sheets Kingsoft Spreadsheets. Category Comparison List Online spreadsheet. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 German-language sources de Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May Articles with unsourced statements from October Namespaces Article Talk.

Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Office suite. Commercial proprietary software.

Home Essentials 97 [25]. Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. Home Essentials 98 [26]. Entertainment Pack: Puzzle Collection. Works Suite 99 [27]. Expedia Streets

As part of our effort to provide aid to those affected by the war in Ukraine, we are introducing a new and safe way to donate your Skype Credit to a selected group of charities.

Call on Skype to try out call subtitles or make a regular phone call with subtitles. For free! Did you know Skype Bing mashup happened? Here are the results – a unique high-quality background images in your Skype calls!

And that’s not all, you can now kill time by searching up the image and exploring more about the beautiful scenery and places you see on your background! You can quickly zoom in with your mouse or with the handy controls on the screen.

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From marathon video calls to wedding bells, this couple relied on Skype to stay connected while living thousands of miles apart. As citizens of the world were faced with the question of how to navigate these challenging times, they looked to technology to find inventive ways to stay connected. Read on to see our plans for an improved, faster, reliable, and super modern-looking Skype.

We’ve been listening closely to your feedback, and many of the changes come directly from your suggestions. Check out some of the highlights we will bring to you over the next few months. Break the ice on your next Skype call by showing off your favorite Super Hero.

Our brand-new digital environments take virtual get-togethers to a whole new level, so you can travel the world without ever leaving home. Video calls just got a whole lot more fun with our new Name Your Call feature. Our fun new features help you stay connected on a massive scale. Large Grid means you can keep an eye on 49 participants at a time — plus, Skype audio and video calls now support up to users.

International Women’s Day is a reminder to celebrate women’s achievements and strive for change. With Skype’s Meet Now, you can connect with the women that inspire you with just one click. Meet some of our female colleagues in Skype who inspire us. Free video calls with one click, no sign ups, no downloads, no passwords. The Skype team has added the ability to Raise Hand during a group call, with 8.

Learn how to utilise this feature for your best Skype experience. The Skype team has worked hard and we have added the possibility to Custom your reactions , with 8. Learn how to add your favourite emojis and customise your reactions.

To elevate your experience we’ve added the ability to replace your background. This way you can keep doing what you love but with that extra bit of privacy you might need.

We are proud to bring you Meet Now experience on Skype! Set up your call and invite both Skype and external users in as little as 2 clicks. A few months back, we announced the launch of split window for Windows 10, which lets you put your contact list in one window, and each conversation you open in separate windows.

You can now call and have up to 50 people in a call, all at once. Enjoy our latest features on the new Skype for Web using the most current versions of Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome. Take the stress out of turning on your video and put the focus where it belongs – on you! Background blur in Skype uses artificial intelligence AI …. With call recording you can capture special moments in a Skype call with your loved ones or record important meetings with colleagues.

Limited emergency calling Skype is not a replacement for your telephone and has limited emergency calling capabilities depending on your country. Learn more. Host a meeting. Help Ukraine by donating Skype Credit and we will match your donation!

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Works 2. System requirements consisted of Windows 3. Works 3. Subsequent releases were for Windows 95 and up and the final version was Works 9.

Microsoft released Macintosh versions of Works starting with Works 2. The version numbering roughly followed that of Windows releases. Through version 4. This resulted in a small memory and disk footprint, which enabled it to run on slower computers with requirements as low as 6 MB of RAM and 12 MB free disk space. Version 9. In late , Microsoft announced it was discontinuing Works and replacing it with Office Starter Edition , [9] [10] although it replaced only the word processor and spreadsheet components but not the calendar or the database.

Microsoft Works has built-in compatibility for the Microsoft Office document formats. DOC and. Newer [ which? Even in the final version Version 9. While its utility for larger organizations is limited by its use of incompatible proprietary native. WKS spreadsheet ,. WDB database , and. Version 4. Our fun new features help you stay connected on a massive scale. Large Grid means you can keep an eye on 49 participants at a time — plus, Skype audio and video calls now support up to users.

International Women’s Day is a reminder to celebrate women’s achievements and strive for change. With Skype’s Meet Now, you can connect with the women that inspire you with just one click.

Meet some of our female colleagues in Skype who inspire us. Free video calls with one click, no sign ups, no downloads, no passwords. The Skype team has added the ability to Raise Hand during a group call, with 8. Learn how to utilise this feature for your best Skype experience. The Skype team has worked hard and we have added the possibility to Custom your reactions , with 8. Learn how to add your favourite emojis and customise your reactions.

Aug 8 World More World. This is what it’s for. Military veteran rebuilds his life, with a castle on a mountain Mikey Allen’s remote castle in Wales is a monument to the power of the human mind to overcome trauma, and a temple for others to do the same.

Being gay is not a disease, Vietnam tells its medical workers „Homosexuality cannot be ‚cured‘, does not need ‚to be cured‘ and cannot be changed,“ health ministry tells doctors in a bid to end discrimination.

Entertainment More Entertainment. What is vasculitis? Ashton Kutcher says he battled rare disease „I had this weird, super rare form of vasculitis, that like knocked out my vision, it knocked out my hearing, it knocked out like all my equilibrium,“ Kutcher said. Remembering Olivia Newton-John Singer Olivia Newton-John, who sold million records and was a tireless advocate for breast cancer research, died after a three-decade battle with the disease.

Technology More Technology. Aug 6 Science More Science. Due to climate change, Nevada says goodbye to grass In a state where every drop of water counts, ornamental grass — which accounts for a large percentage of outdoor water use — has been banned in Southern Nevada, just one step being taken to address rising temperatures and shriveling reservoirs. Aug 7. Experts call for more public urgency on climate change In a state where every drop of water counts, ornamental grass — which accounts for a large percentage of outdoor water use — has been banned in Southern Nevada.

Aug 7 Explorer makes history on busy day of spaceflight Four rockets were launched from Earth on Thursday. Aug 4 Crime More Crime. Man accused in „honor killings“ of 2 teen daughters takes the stand The sisters‘ great-aunt has called the deaths an „honor killing,“ in which a woman is murdered by a relative to protect her family’s honor.

Father arrested for allegedly leaving 5 kids in car without air conditioning The children, ages 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, were either sleeping or passed out when officers pulled them from the car, police said. Inmate freed after conviction vacated in fatal shooting Cedric Dent served more than 20 years for the killing in New Orleans, but an advocacy group’s investigation turned up significant issues with his trial.

Space More Space. Scientist apologizes after posting image of star that was actually sausage Etienne Klein apologized for misleading some Twitter followers with his „scientist’s joke. SpaceX launches Korean moon probe South Korea’s first moon mission will search for ice in permanently shadowed polar craters. Aug 4. Blue Origin launches 6 passengers on sub-orbital trip to space It was the sixth crewed flight of Blue Origin’s New Shepard sub-orbital spacecraft.

Tonga volcano blasted unprecedented amount of water into atmosphere Tonga’s Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano spewed an unprecedented amount of water vapor into the atmosphere. Latest Galleries More Latest Galleries. The Circleville letters: You’ve got hate mail An anonymous letter writer terrorizes a small town, threatening to expose their rumored dark secrets.

Aug 6 16 photos. Timeline: The Jonelle Matthews case Inside the case against Steven Pankey, a former political candidate who was tried for the kidnapping and murder of a Colorado year-old. Aug 6 21 photos. The 50 most expensive colleges in America, ranked These colleges come with a hefty price tag Aug 3 51 photos.

Deadliest states for drug overdoses CDC data reveals which U. Aug 2 51 photos. The disappearance of Carole Baskin’s then-husband Don Lewis An inside look at the puzzling disappearance of the Florida millionaire Jul 27 22 photos. Latest Videos More Latest Videos. FBI searches Mar-a-Lago in documents probe A search of former President Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago home and resort raises questions about what information federal agents are looking for.

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Microsoft Security Essentials MSE is an microsofh software AV product that provides protection against different types of malicious softwaresuch as computer virusesspyware microsoft works 9 german free, rootkitsand trojan horses. Prior to version 4. MSE 4. The license здесь allows home users and small businesses to install and use the product free-of-charge. It replaces Windows Live OneCarea discontinued commercial subscription-based AV service, and the free Windows Defenderwhich only protected users from spyware until Windows 8.

Built upon the same scanning engine and virus definitions as other Microsoft antivirus products, it provides real-time protection, constantly monitoring activities on the computer, scanning new files as they are created or downloaded, and disabling detected threats.

It lacks the OneCare personal firewall and the Forefront Endpoint Protection centralized management features. Microsoft’s workd of its own AV miicrosoft on 18 Novemberwas met with mixed reactions from the Quarkxpress 9 descargar gratis industry.

SymantecMcAfee and Kaspersky Lab —three competing independent software vendors —dismissed it as an unworthy competitor, but AVG Technologies and Avast Software appreciated its potential to expand the consumers‘ choice of AV software.

The product received generally positive reviews praising its user interfacelow resource usage and freeware license. It lost that certification in October ; in June microzoft, MSE achieved the lowest possible protection http://replace.me/25402.txt, zero.

According to a March report by anti-malware specialist OPSWAT, MSE was micdosoft most popular AV product in North America and mcrosoft second most popular in the world, which has resulted in microsoft works 9 german free appearance of several rogue antivirus programs that try to impersonate it. Microsoft Security Essentials automatically checks and downloads the latest virus definitions from Microsoft Update which is updated three times a day.

The issue was resolved within three hours. MSE provides real-time protectionconstantly monitoring activities on the computer, scanning new files as they are created or downloaded from the Internet. If no response is received within ten microsoft works 9 german free, suspected threats are handled according to the default dree defined in the application’s settings.

Depending on those settings, it may also create System Restore checkpoints microsogt removing the detected malware. On 18 NovemberMicrosoft announced plans for a free consumer security product, codenamed Morro. Anticipated to be available in 20 markets microsoft works 9 german free 10 languages, the product was scheduled for wotks before the end of ; [22] the final build was released on 29 September Microsoft works 9 german free a year after the initial release, Microsoft quietly released the second version.

It entered the technical preview stage on 19 July[24] [25] and the final build was released on 16 December It includes Network Inspection System NISa network intrusion detection system that works on Windows Vista and Windows 7, as well as a new anti-malware engine that employs heuristics in malware detection.

Version 2. Sixteen months after the release of version 2. A public beta program started on 18 Novemberwhen Microsoft sent out invitations to potential participants without announcing a version number.

On wors Februaryversion 4. The latest version of 4. It was version ggerman. This update fixes a bug that was introduced earlier in version 4. Although support for Microsoft works 9 german free 7 [36] ended on wprks January Microsoft will continue to mictosoft virus definitions for existing users until Microsoft Security Essentials does not run on Windows 8 приведенная ссылка later, which has its own security subsystem, Windows Defender.

On 13 Septemberat the Build conference in Anaheim, CaliforniaMicrosoft unveiled the developer preview of Windows 8, which had a microoft component capable of preventing an infected USB flash memory from compromising the system during the boot process. In an included video, Jason Garms of Microsoft смотрите подробнее how Windows Defender is registered with Action Center as gratis adobe acrobat dc free AV and spyware protection tool, and how it blocks drive-by malware.

Подробнее на этой странице product’s license agreement allows home users to download, install and use it on an unlimited number of computers in their households free of charge, as long as each computer has a legitimately licensed copy of Microsoft Windows.

MSE requires no registration or personal free to be submitted during installation; [43] however, the validity of the operating system’s license is verified during and after installation using the Microsoft works 9 german free Genuine Advantage system. If said license is found to be invalid, the software will notify the user and will cease to operate after a period of time.

The announcement sorks debut of Microsoft Security Essentials was met with mixed responses from the AV industry.

SymantecMcAfee and Kaspersky Labthree competing vendors, claimed it to be inferior to their own software. Avast Software said that it had an ambivalent view towards the microsoft works 9 german free. AVG has believed in the right to free antivirus software for the past eight years. Daniel Ives, an analyst with FBR Capital Marketssaid that Microsoft Security Essentials would be a microsoft works 9 german free competitive threat“, although near-term impact would be negligible.

The public beta version received several reviews, citing its low resource usage, straightforward user interface and price point. He did, however, find some of the settings to be cryptic and confusing, defaulting to „recommended action“, with the only explanation of страница that gerjan is to be found in the help file.

He was also initially confused because the user interface failed to mention that Microsoft Security Essentials automatically updates itself, rather than having to be manually updated via the Update tab; [54] an explanation of this feature was included in the final release. Neil Rubenking of PC Magazine successfully microsofg the beta version on 12 malware-infected systems and commented on its small installation package about 7 MB, depending on the operating system and speedy installation.

But the initial virus definition update took between 5 and увидеть больше minutes, and the full installation microsoft works 9 german free about MB of disk space.

Microsoft works 9 german free noted that the beta version sets Windows Update into fully automatic mode, although it can be turned off again through Windows Microsoft works 9 german free Workz.

Some full scans took more than an hour on infected systems; a scan on a clean system took 35 minutes. The product’s real-time protection found 83 percent of all malware and blocked the majority of it: 40 microsoft works 9 german free of the commercial keyloggers and 78 percent of the rootkits were found. It also detected and eliminated all 25 tested rootkits, generating no false-positives.

The product achieved a protection score of 2. Report details show that although version 2. On 29 Septembera year after its initial release, Microsoft works 9 german free announced that MSE had more than 30 million users. John Dunn of Woekswho analyzed the report, noted that the tendency to use free AV software is something new: „After all, free antivirus suites have been around for years but have tended to be seen as the poor relations to paid software. The popularity of Microsoft Security Essentials mjcrosoft led to the appearance of malware abusing its name.

In February wogks, a rogue security package calling itself „Security Essentials “ wofks on the internet. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Free wor,s product produced by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. IA List of languages. See also: Windows Defender. Die erreichte Leistung wird prozentual vom Industrie-Durchschnitt eingestuft. SoftNews SRL. Retrieved 11 February Archived from the original on 7 April Download Center. CBS Interactive. Malware Protection Center. Retrieved 22 February Retrieved 25 February Paul Thurrott’s SuperSite for Windows.

Penton Media. Archived from the original on 1 March The Washington Post. SoftNews NET. Forefront Endpoint Protection Blog. Archived from firewall free download windows 10 original on microsoft works 9 german free February News Center.

Ars Technica. Blogging Windows. Microsofft Media. Retrieved 19 November Windows IT Pro. Archived from the original on 21 May Archived from the original on 15 June Gernan Hardware. Retrieved 27 April Windows Support.

Retrieved 28 June mirosoft Microsoft Microsoft works 9 german free. Retrieved 15 January Building Windows 8. Archived from the original on 28 May Retrieved 13 May Retrieved 21 July Guardian News and Media. Avast Software a. Thomson Reuters. PC Magazine.

Microsoft works 9 german free.German Americans

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Пять секунд. Шесть секунд. – Утечка информации. – Никаких изменений. Внезапно Мидж судорожно указала на экран.

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Microsoft works 9 german free

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